Essay about Terror in Spielbergs Jaws - 1429 Words

Terror in Spielbergs Jaws The film ‘Jaws’ exemplifies the statement ‘Sublime terror rests in the unseen- the ultimate horror’. Some people would say that dismemberment and gore is needed to terrorise an audience, but this only shocks and disgusts viewers. A horror film should therefore make the audience imagine the terror in order to maximise the fear factor. Many horror films nowadays use similar techniques to those used by Spielberg in the film ‘Jaws’. They use techniques such as framing and mise-en-scene in order to create something called safe space and unsafe space. Safe space is the space that the camera is looking at. It is where there is no danger and nothing dreadful would be expected†¦show more content†¦The shower scene only lasts about a minute, but is made of about eighty shots. This effect has made this scene a very famous one because of the way it creates tension and frightens the audience. In the film ‘Jaws’, the vast ocean is the unsafe space with the shark moving around it. The use of safe and unsafe space helps create and build up tension. At the beginning of the film ‘Jaws’, the shark’s attacks are close by to the shore, which shows us that the shallow water cannot stop it from attacking people. But as the film persists, the shark attacks are out in the middle of the ocean and from the moment the characters leave the beach to go hunting, they are cut off from the rest of the characters. This is where the mise-en-scene technique is most used in the film. The shark cannot be seen as it is a vast ocean and it could jump out unexpectedly of at any time from any direction at the characters, which would destroy the safe space. The film was directed by Steven Spielberg, a well-known director in Hollywood and a splendid director throughout his filming career. The film was produced by David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck in 1975. The film lasts 93 minutes and is rated as a 12. The idea of creating this film came from the book ‘Jaws’ written by Peter Benchley. Like many of Spielberg’s films, the film ‘Jaws’ can be classified as Action,Show MoreRelatedSteven Spielberg : Postmodern Auteur And Constructor1812 Words   |  8 PagesConstructor In a 1977 interview with Steven Spielberg, the young filmmaker mused, â€Å"I think in a way I’m two different people; my instincts always commandeer my sensibilities, or my intellect is always beaten down by my instincts† (36). Spielberg’s prognosis is accurate – Spielberg’s creative instincts and business sensibilities balance each other, laying the foreground for his present prominence as both a postmodern constructor and postmodern auteur. 40 years later, today, Steven Spielberg remains one of theRead MoreEssay Horror Films: The Haunted Castle by George Melies1616 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen more frightening and influential than that of Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining and Steven Spielberg’s Jaws. Each a product of horror’s 1970’s and 80’s golden era, the films have a reputation of engulfing viewers in fear, without the use of masked killers, vampires, or other clichà ©s. Instead, Kubrick and Spielberg take a dif ferent approach and scare audiences on a psychological level. The Shining and Jaws evoke fear through the use of three different film aspects: the use of a â€Å"danger† color, dauntingRead MoreAnalysis of Steven Spielbergs Creation of Tension and Suspense in Jaws1561 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Steven Spielbergs Creation of Tension and Suspense in Jaws The essay is about analysing the ways the director builds suspense and scares the audience I shall explain the effects of the following: Sound and music, camera shots, red herrings and tension in the plot. I will also include a conclusion and will give my vies on the scariest moment of the film and provide my reasons for this The film is called Jaws. We get some idea of what the movie is about Read MoreEssay Filmmakers Use of Shock in Psycho and Jaws1528 Words   |  7 PagesPsycho, and Steven Spielberg’s 1975 blockbuster hit Jaws. In both films audiences experience suspense and shock when they expect something bad to happen and have (or believe they have) a superior perspective on events in the films’ hierarchy of knowledge, yet they are powerless to intervene to prevent it from happening. The films differ however in regards to the type of shock and suspense used. For instance, Psycho relies much more heavily on the use of psychological shock where as Jaws uses the absenceRead MoreSteven Spielberg s Film Jaws2274 Words   |  10 PagesSteven Spielberg’s film â€Å"JAWS† (1975), (Spielberg/Universal), uses the motif of an essentially unseen shark, ominously present through unpredictable displays of terrifying violence, to sculpt a message about good, evil, power, arrogance, and vanity within the hegemony of small-town middle class America. Spi elberg markets this â€Å"High Concept† (Cook 40), film and its nationalist ideals on a story that is principally based on one image, the shark, and the fallibility of the human decision making processRead MoreVillains in Hollywood Films Essay2476 Words   |  10 Pagespeople with super human powers and spies. How Jaws devoured its way to being Hollywoods first summer blockbuster villain. Over the years the villain has had to move with the times, but there was one villain created that made history for he not only devoured his way, sweeping away other villains that were ruling over the box office, but paved the term summer movie blockbuster. That villain would be Jaws. Back in 1975 Jaws was a phenomenon upon release, but it was,Read MoreBuild Up of Suspense in the Film Jaws Essay2623 Words   |  11 PagesSuspense in the Film Jaws The film is called ‘JAWS’ and is successfully directed by Steven Spielberg. I will be analyzing how Spielberg builds up suspense and scares the audience throughout this film, considering how camera shots, music and characters’ reactions help to build this effect. The film is purposely named ‘JAWS’ as it is about a supernatural predator that killed many people with his deadly jaws without prejudice and discrimination. ‘JAWS’ is a masterful, visceral

The Authors Biases in Into the Wild and In Cold Blood

Everyday we observe people’s contrasting opinions. Whether it be in politics, school, or in one’s personal life, emotions are often a major factor when it comes to expressing one’s ideas. In writing, an audience must be aware this, and decide for themselves if an author is being bias or equally representing all sides to a situation. In both Into the Wild and In Cold Blood, the authors form distinct opinions about their main characters and believe family structure heavily influenced their future. Truman Capote forms a close relationship with convicted murderer, Perry Smith, and allows his own personal perception of Perry to influence his story. Capote repeatedly puts emphasis on the fact that Perry comes from a troubled background and†¦show more content†¦Capote purposefully detaches himself from this section of the story, allowing the only sense of sympathy come from those who personally knew the Clutters. Because Capote is not able to form a personal relationship with any members of the Clutter family, he simply chooses to briefly explain the family’s murder and shift his attention to the murderers instead. The Clutters all-American image could not rescue them from tragedy and instead of portraying the family as victims, Capote focuses on attempting to encourage the audience to remain optimistic on their views regarding the family’s murderers. Chris McCandless came from a very different lifestyle compared to that of Perry Smith and the Clutters. He was obedient and listened to his parents for the most part. However, Krakauer viewed McCandless’s parents as too demanding and ultimately implies that part of his death was brought on by his parents. Chris’s relationship with his father was stressed at best and Krakauer equally â€Å"believe[s] we were similarly affected by the skewed relationships we had with our fathers. And I suspect we had similar intensity, a similar heedlessness, a similar agitation of the soul (159). Chris was a highly opinionated and willful young man with little room for negotiation with his father sharing those same qualities. His criticism towards his parents eventually turned to outright anger, and after his father’s secret double life is revealed Chris begins viewing his father as aShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesin Judging Others 170 †¢ Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations 173 The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making 174 Decision Making in Organizations 175 The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 †¢ Organizational Constraints 186 What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical DecisionRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesWilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr (WilmerHale) . . . . 100 Winslow Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 Harvard Business Review | April 2007 | hbr.org Saving lives will mean refrigerating blood and vaccines where no power grids exist. Are you ready? Emerson.com The Emerson logo is a trademark and a service mark of Emerson Electric Co.  © 2007 Emerson Electric Co. Network Power†¢Process Management†¢Climate Technologies†¢Storage Solutions†¢IndustrialRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesusage available. Amazon Connect. The Amazon Connect program allowed authors to post messages directly to their readers via the Amazon home page. To ensure that the author’s posts were relevant, they were only shown to customers who had purchased that author’s works in the past, or those who had explicitly signed up to receive that author’s posts Moving into Apple’s territory? It was reported in the press that Amazon was conducting talks with four record label giants to launch possibly a digital music

Current Development In Thought Accounting †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Current Development In Thought Accounting? Answer: Introduction The present paper presents there short critical essays related to the contemporary issues in accounting. In this context, the first essay aims in demonstrating the knowledge of the qualitative characteristics of accounting as mentioned in conceptual framework. The next essay demonstrates knowledge of normative theories in accounting and the last essay is about discussing the building blocks of conceptual framework. Define CF in accounting As per the IASB, a non-profit organization responsible for developing global accounting standards has developed and implemented conceptual accounting framework for improving the quality of financial reports of business entities. The conceptual framework determines the concepts that help in preparation and presentation of financial statements to end-users (IFRS Conceptual Framework: About, 2017). The main purpose of developing conceptual framework is to provide guidance to the IFRS in developing future financial reporting standards and assisting national standard-setting bodies in developing accounting standards. The conceptual framework assembles the interrelated concepts on different accounting theories for developing standard-setting and consent accounting principles (Deegan, 2014, p.214). The four major qualitative characteristics of useful financial information as per the conceptual accounting framework are relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability (Internationa l Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2010, p.xxx). Link CF to the objectives of general purpose financial reporting The objectives of general purpose financial report provide a basis to the development and foundation of conceptual framework. The major objectives of the general purpose financial reports are to provide useful and credible financial information to the present and future investors of a business entity. These objectives are linked with the conceptual framework principles of relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability that aim at enhancing the decision-making usefulness of financial statements (IFRS Foundation, 2015). Link the objectives of general purpose financial reporting to intended users The general purpose financial reports aims to provide useful and pertinent information to the end-users for enabling them to make investment decisions. The IASB, in this context, has included stewardship under its objective of decision-usefulness. The stewardship approach as aligned the general purpose financial reporting objectives with those of the intended users. The main objective of stewardship is to disclose more information about the past events and future performance of a business entity in financial reporting to support the decision-making process of end-users (Deegan, 2014, p.166). Qualitative characteristics of accounting linked to intended users The qualitative characteristics of financial information as per the IASB are relevancy, comparability, verifiable, timely and understandable. These are linked to the intended users as these characteristics aims to disclose all the necessary and materialistic financial information to the users for protecting their interest. The development of financial statements on the basis of these characteristic will ensure that end-users such as investors and creditors receive all the accurate and realistic financial information for making correct decisions regarding their investment (IASB CF, 2015, p.27-30). Linking the qualitative characteristics to the objectives of measurement As per the IASB objectives of measurement, the financial reports should measure all the assets and liabilities on a uniform basis as per the relevance qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. Also, the fundamental qualitative characteristics of faithful representation have also some implications for measurements as per which financial reports developed must be free from any error. However, this does not imply that measurements should be perfectly accurate but any deviations must be faithful represented during financial reporting. As per the understandability qualitative characteristic, the users of financial report must be able to develop an understanding of the measurements used (International Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2013, p.xxx). Which is more important: relevance or faithful representation The relevance and faithful representation are the two main qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. However, with the increasing incidents about the fraudulent activities in the organizations due to hiding and concealing of useful information has initiated the debate of determining the most important qualitative characteristic of accounting between relevance and faithful representation. The relevance has been regarded as most important over fair representation as it more impact on improving the quality of financial reports by disclosing all the materialistic facts and figures so that investors realize a true picture of the financial position of a firm (IASB CF, 2015, p.27-30). Is it possible for accounting to ever achieve faithful representation? The financial statements must have completeness, neutrality and free from any materialistic error in order to achieve faithful representation. However, this is not possible in real terms as the business entities are not able to provide accurate value of a reporting firm but only provide an estimation of its value. The financial reports cannot provide all the information required by the potential investors such as about the economic conditions impacting the financial performance. However, the goal of faithful representation in accounting is to accurately represent the general economic conditions it has not achieved faithfulness (Alexander et al, 2007, p.120-121). Define normative theory The normative approach to accounting is used for development of conceptual framework and provides an understanding of the reporting the different entries of the financial statements for attaining the optimum outputs. The theory provides guidance to the policy makers about the future accounting processes to be adopted on the basis of theoretical principle. It provides suggestions to the accounting policy makers on the basis of existing accounting theories and lead to the development of specific accounting policies (Matthews Perera, 1996, p.xxx). Define HCA and briefly discuss its characteristics, strengths and weaknesses The Historic Cost Accounting (HCA) involves developing the accounts of an entity on the basis of historic cost. The historic cost is referred to as nominal or original cost of an asset on the data of its acquisition. The HCA principles states that an asset should be reported at its cost during an accounting transaction that includes all the costs involves in making an asset ready for the use. The main advantage of this approach is that this approach is an easier method of asset valuation. The original cost of an asset is easy to be determined and verified as it already exists and as such cannot be altered. However, its drawback is that the approach does not provide an estimation of the future value of assets and thus does not comply with relevance principle of accounting (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales [ICAEW], 2006, p.xxx). Describe the normative alternatives to HCA and discuss their characteristics, strengths and weaknesses in their attempt to overcome HCA's weaknesses The constant purchasing power accounting (CPPA), capital cost allowance (CCA) and Fair Value Accounting (FVA) are some of the normative alternatives to HCA. The major benefit of CPPA over HCA is that provides reliable financial information to the management for facilitating its decision-making process. On the other hand, CCA method takes into account the annual depreciation on the cost of assets that can be claimed for the purpose of income tax. However, it does not overcome the defects of historical cost approach appropriately as this method also does not help in providing a future estimate of a firm performance. In this context, the FVA is the most useful accounting method that represents the current information about the assets and liabilities value on the balance sheet. The FVA is also subjected to some criticism as it does not provide reliable financial information as it is based on assumptions by the managers thus lowering the reliability of financial reporting (IASB CF, 2015, p. 61-64). Evaluation process for determining the success-levels for both HCA and the normative alternatives to HCA The business entities are required to select the most appropriate measurement basis for valuing its assets and liabilities for protecting the investors interest. It is important to consider the required information to be disclosed in the general purpose financial statements. In this context, a business entity is required to assess the ability of an asset or liability to produce future cash flows and their nature and characteristics. The business entity is required to select a measurement basis that provides the most relevant information in its financial reports (IASB CF, 2015, p.67). Were any of the normative alternatives to HCA successful? There have been the development of different normative alternatives to HCA such as CPPA, CCA or CoCoA but none of the approach was able to provide an accounting standard for measuring the assets and liabilities. However, the fair value accounting method has helped in overcoming some of the drawbacks of HCA and also incorporates the features of CPPA, CCA and CoCoA successfully. The FVA is also associated with some drawbacks and therefore the accounting professionals are considering other methods of measurement such as conservative accounting for maintaining the reliability of financial information (IASB CF, 2013, p.113-116). Description of the key building blocks of Conceptual Framework The key building blocks of conceptual accounting framework are the objectives of financial reporting, the quality of financial information, the elements of financial statements and the recognition and measurement. The objective of financial reporting aims to provide useful and rational information to the potential investors and creditors through financial reporting. The quality emphasizes on usefulness of the financial information disclosed in decision-making. The elements of financial statements are assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expense, profit and loss that determines the type of information to be presented in financial reports. The recognition and measurement concept assesses the type of items to be disclosed and the measurement method used for measuring the items (IASB CF, 2010). Structured order and relative connections of the key building blocks The key building blocks of the conceptual framework are inter-related with each other. The objective of financial reporting ensures that conceptual framework provides detailed information about an entity resources and obligations. The quality of financial reporting maintains that conceptual framework provides useful information through making it relevant, reliable and comparable (Australian Accounting Standards Board [AASB], 2001, p.xxx). The elements of financial information provide the type of financial elements whose quality needs to be assessed. The recognition and measurement decides the presentation of the elements of financial statements and the measurement method adopted for their valuation (Deegan, 2014, p.216-218). Advantages and criticisms of the conceptual framework The main advantage of the conceptual framework of accounting is that it helps in development of accounting standards and policies to be followed for financial reporting and thus helps in making the financial statements more useful and purposeful for the end-users. However, the main criticism against the conceptual framework is that it is very difficult to be established as it is very expensive and time-consuming (Deegan, 2014, p.256-261). Do you agree with the criticisms of the conceptual framework The conceptual framework though helping in improving the usefulness of financial statements faces criticism of being expensive, rigid and time-consuming. However, in my opinion these drawbacks of conceptual framework are completely outweighed by its benefits of providing reliable, relevant, comparable and consistent financial information to the end-users. It has helped in protecting the investors interest and is also largely helpful in restricting the fraudulent accounting activities sin business corporations (IASB CF, 2010). Conclusion It can be inferred from the overall discussion that conceptual framework has become fundamental to financial reporting for ensuring the transparency in business operations. References Alexander, D; Britton, A. Jorissen, A. (2007). International Financial Reporting and Analysis, 3rd edn., Hong Kong: Thomson. Australian Accounting Standards Board [AASB]. (2001). The Nature and Purpose of Statements of Accounting Concepts (Policy Statement PS5). Retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ACCPS5_07-01.pdf Deegan, C. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill: Sydney. IFRS Conceptual Framework: About. August 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ifrs.org/projects/work-plan/conceptual-framework/#about IFRS Foundation.(2015). Exposure Draft ED/2015/3: Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, May 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ifrs.org/-/media/project/conceptual-framework/exposure-draft/published-documents/ed-conceptual-framework.pdf Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales [ICAEW].(2006). Measurement in Financial Reporting: Information for better markets initiative. Retrieved from https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/financial-reporting/information-for-better-markets/ifbm/measurement-in-financial-reporting.ashx International Accounting Standards Board [IASB].(2010). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010. Retrieved from https://www.ifrs.org/News/Press-Releases/Documents/ConceptualFW2010vb.pdf International Accounting Standards Board [IASB].(2013). A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: Discussion Paper DP/2013/1. Retrieved from https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Conceptual-Framework/Discussion-Paper-July-2013/Documents/Discussion-Paper-Conceptual-Framework-July-2013.pdf Mathews, M. R. Perera, M. H. B. (1996). Theory construction in accounting. InAccounting theory and development, 3rd edn., Melbourne: Thomas Nelson.

Rhetoric as an Art

Introduction Rhetoric during the pre-Socratic time was seen as the art of discourse aimed at broadening speaker’s and writer’s horizons and developing their good communication skills. During that period, rhetoric provided heuristics for understanding, discovering and developing arguments as a way of winning audiences’ appeal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric as an Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, sophists created five laws to guide the study of rhetoric. These laws include invention, argument, delivery, memory and style. They were designed to persuade the audience and motivate them to listen to the speaker or to read the work of a given philosopher. Rhetoric in Pre-Socratic period Pre-Socratic period was marked with Hellenic rhetoric that shaped the view of philosophers in relation to the connection of the thought and expression. For instance, the communication skills used by Plato and the Socratic movement formed rhetoric as a discipline. The ancient Greeks aimed at including common sense and truth in their conversations. In this case, rhetoric as a discipline concentrated on discovering the limitations of being either subjective or objective during conversations. During pre-Socratic period, the aim of rhetoric was to set a framework for analyzing communications. Here, rhetoric did not produce critical theories. Speakers and writers were useful for creating civic engagements in the society due to their convincing public speaking and writing. Rhetoric emphasized the importance of eloquence and wisdom during conversations. The main personalities associated with rhetoric include Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Cicero, Socrates, etc. Particularly, Plato questioned the teaching practice of that time and challenged the knowledge of the teachers. For Plato, rhetoric was not an art. Aristotle, on the other hand, expanded on the ideas of Plato, his teache r, before qualifying rhetoric as an art. Remarkably, Aristotle sought to develop a scientific approach to arguments. Cicero, who was a Roman lawyer, used the arguments developed by both Plato and Socrates before classifying rhetoric as a liberal art. Quintilian is widely known for his emphasis on teaching rhetoric to the youth in schools. However, when the ancient period ended, there were considerable changes in the attitude towards rhetoric and the way of its teaching. St. Augustine is associated with rhetoric of the medieval age. His main contribution to its field was the fusion of classical â€Å"pagan† rhetoric with the aims of the Catholic Church when he worked on the art of preaching.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rhetoric during the Renaissance Among the personalities associated with rhetoric during the age of reformation, it is necessary to note Erasmus. In his book, C opia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, he treated rhetoric as the least comprehensive work of antiquity and added to it a traditional treatment of matter and form. For Erasmus, the subject matter of rhetoric was to discover variety in discourse. For him, rhetoric was concerned with the quality of either a speech or a written work, given the fact that there existed many versions of writing and delivering speeches. Julian Luis Vivas is another well pronounced personality associated with rhetoric during reformation. During that period, rhetoric was characterized by the conversion of teachings from Greek to vernacular. This can be attributed to the strong orientation of rhetoric towards Latin and Greek during pre-Socratic time. This period was also characterized by various reorganizations in the school systems that eventually led to rhetoric loosing its central position. For instance, the five laws of rhetoric as indicated earlier in this paper were dropped. In place of these laws, ne w inventions and dispositions were included under the name of dialectic. During that period, rhetoric was defined by style of delivering messages during conversations and the ability to memorize philosophical thoughts. During that time, religion was the dominant subject of discussion with Christianity playing a leading role. In this case, rhetoric concentrated more on gaining religious truths than ordinary knowledge. To be a Christian was the main focus of rhetoric. The main Christian doctrine was the establishment of a personal relationship with the divine. This relationship was personal and opposed to proportional. Discovering the emotive experiences first, before focusing on logic, was, therefore, the main subject matter of rhetoric. It is worth noting that Christianity was not the only religious belief held by people during this time. Christians used rhetoric to prove that Christianity was the only true religion. A case in point that demonstrates the subject matter of rhetoric d uring reformation is the encounter with the divine. Rhetoric of that time stated that it was normal to have a personal experience with the love of the savior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric as an Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main concern of rhetoric was on how this personal encounter could be used to make an individual to be a Christian, especially a non believer. This was particularly so because of the existence of many religious believes in the world. Rhetoric was, therefore, concerned with differentiating Christian experiences from the ones of other religions. During the reformation, rhetoric had the role of establishing a guideline for judging different experiences with the aim of determining whether they were Christian experiences or not. Sophists proposed the use of logic and the Bible as a guideline for judging different experiences. Logic referred to the application of reason in ana lyzing the arguments of people claiming to have a divine experience. For example, if a person claimed to receive a divine command from God to burn the Bible, rhetoric would dismiss such an experience. That is why, during reformation, the art of rhetoric required individuals to apply logical reasoning in differentiating experiences like the one indicated above. Logic stated in such a case that God could not command an individual to burn the Bible, which is His own holy word. The above argument, therefore, contradicts with the nature of God and thus can not be from God. Existentialism as a part of the subject matter of rhetoric was focused on the need to have a personal relationship with God during the reformation. It based its argument on the teachings of Christ, especially on His emphasis on love. This art also emphasized on the necessity to follow a practical Christian lifestyle. Rhetoric in the 20th century This refers to the study of rhetoric during the 20th century. This period is characterized by the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech in institutions. National and international professional organizations became famous during this time. With increased mediation in the 20th century, the study of rhetoric as an art was restructured to emphasize language and persuasion. The effects of globalization led to increased advertisements and mass media coverage of information all over the world, thus making rhetoric an important part of people’s life. With these changes, the meaning of rhetoric as an art in the 20th century is more associated with the mass media than language as it was the case during the pre-Socratic period.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, visual rhetoric is a common vocabulary in the modern world associated with the mass media that analyzes the persuasions done by non-verbal communication. The importance of visual rhetoric is realized in advertisements whereby pictures are designed in an appealing way to attract consumers to buy the product. The personalities associated with rhetoric of the 20th century include Chaim Perelman, Kenneth Burke, I.A. Richards, and Stephen Toulmin among the others. Chaim Perelman brought rhetoric to the centre of argumentative theories. He significantly influenced the concepts of dissociation, quasi-audience and presence. Kenneth Burke, on the other hand, brought the concepts of identification and dramatic pentad into the modern rhetoric. For him, rhetoric referred to the use of language to induce cooperation in being. I.A. Richards considered rhetoric to be a study of misunderstandings and the ways how it can be prevented. He brought the concept of comparison to provide a c ritique to rhetoric. Stephen Toulmin introduced the argumentation theory to the study of rhetoric. Modern rhetoric is characterized by lack of a conventionally recognized method of study. In the modern society, the study of rhetoric is considered to originate from reality. Nowadays, the main object of the study of rhetoric is discourse, thus making it difficult to differentiate rhetorical and discourse analyses. It makes us use such mediation and ethos as concepts to describe the social and epistemological functions of the study. Rhetoric differs significantly from the discourse by extend of analysis, especially when discoursing similar items, such as speech or a poem. In this case, rhetoric does not only look at the argumentative claims advanced by the work, but goes ahead to identify the specific strategies employed by the writer to persuade his targeted audience. Conclusion In conclusion, the above discussion indicates the extent to which rhetoric can be taken as an art with its own subject matter. It does so by considering how this issue was approached in different times in history. From the discussion, it is clear that rhetoric as an art originated from the Greeks and Romans, with Plato and Socrates being the major personalities behind the study of this subject. During that period, the subject matter was discovering, developing and understanding arguments. The aim of rhetoric as an art then was to produce individuals with good communication skills, both written and spoken. During the reformation, the subject matter of rhetoric was to understand the religious theories. The min focus of this subject was to judge arguments by individuals concerning their personal experiences with the divine. Here, rhetoric emphasized the use of logic and the Bible to discern experiences. Finally, this paper looked at rhetoric as an art during the 20th century, a period during which rhetoric shifted its focus to the mass media. Rhetoric of that period is an impotent subject i n the life of people as indicated in the paper. In the 20th century, the main concern for rhetoric is to discover the role played by the work of art in pursuing the targeted auditory. From the above discussion, rhetoric qualifies as a genuine work of art with the subject matter rightly on its own. This essay on Rhetoric as an Art was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.